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In a recently held parent-teacher meeting, the teachers had very few complaints about Ravi. After all, Ravi was a hardworking and kind student. Incidentally, almost all of Ravi's friends at school were hardworking and kind too. But the teachers drew attention to Ravi's complete lack of interest in sports. The teachers believed that, along with some of his friends who showed similar disinterest in sports, Ravi needed to engage in some sports for his overall development. Based only on the information provided above, which one of the following statements can be logically inferred with certainty? A. All of Ravi's friends are hardworking and kind. B. No one who is not a friend of Ravi is hardworking and kind. C. None of Ravi's friends are hardworking and kind. D. Some of Ravi's friends are hardworking and kind.

GATE 2023 · General Aptitude · Verbal Reasoning · medium

Answer: Option D. 'Some of Ravi's friends are hardworking and kind' is the only statement that can be inferred with certainty from the premise 'almost all of Ravi's friends were hardworking and kind.'

  1. Identify the critical premise: The passage says: 'almost all of Ravi's friends at school were hardworking and kind.' 'Almost all' is a hedge — it does not mean every single friend.
  2. Evaluate Option A: All friends are hardworking and kind: 'Almost all' permits exceptions. There could be one or more friends who are not hardworking and kind. We cannot infer 'all' with certainty.
  3. Evaluate Option B: No non-friend is hardworking and kind: The passage says nothing about non-friends. B makes a claim about people outside Ravi's friend group — this is unsupported by the passage.
  4. Evaluate Option C: None of Ravi's friends are hardworking and kind: This directly contradicts the passage which says almost all ARE hardworking and kind. C is false.
  5. Evaluate Option D: Some of Ravi's friends are hardworking and kind: If almost all (a large majority) of his friends are hardworking and kind, then certainly some (at least one) are. 'Almost all' logically implies 'some'. D follows with certainty.